Effective Ways To Fix Checkra1n Error 31 On Apple iPhone 8
Effective Ways To Fix Checkra1n Error 31 On Apple iPhone 8
Apple distinguishes itself as a leading smartphone manufacturer by implementing rigorous security protocols. These measures pose challenges for users seeking to jailbreak their iOS devices. Such actions grant users the capability to remove the restrictions enforced by Apple on their devices.
Serving as the primary tool for this purpose, Checkra1n emerges as a popular choice. Nevertheless, similar to any other tool, Checkra1n may face a range of issues, among which Checkra1n Error 31 is notably notorious. This guide aims to help you address Checkra1n Error 31. Moreover, it will introduce a powerful alternative to Checkra1n jailbreak iOS devices.
Part 1. Figuring Out All Possible Reasons for Checkra1n Error 31
Understanding the reasons behind Checkra1n Windows Error 31 is essential in resolving this issue. The reason can relate to the software and hardware aspects of running Checkra1n. Here are some of the reasons why you are encountering Checkra1n error 31:
- Temporary Computer Issues: As Checkra1n is a computer-based tool, issues within your computer can cause the error code 31. These issues can be insufficient resources, compatibility issues, or temporary glitches.
- Mismatched Checkra1n Version: When jailbreaking an iOS device, you must use the right version of the tool. Using incompatible versions of Checkra1n can lead to issues such as error code 31.
- Issues with USB Connection: A major cause behind Checkra1n error 31is the unstable or faulty USB connections. If your device is not properly connected, it will lead to the failure of the jailbreak process.
- **Device Compatibility Issues:**Apple has introduced many measures to ensure that newer devices are hard to jailbreak. That’s why if you use the latest iOS device, there is a high chance it is incompatible with Checkra1n.
- **Security Software Interference:**In rare cases, the security or antivirus software installed on your system can interfere with the working of Checkra1n. Similarly, the Windows firewall can sometimes flag Checkra1n as a virus, disturbing the jailbreaking process.
Part 2: [Top Fixes] Resolve Checkra1n Error 31 to Jailbreak iOS Device
Encountering errors like Checkra1n jailbreak Error 31 is a typical occurrence in the jailbreaking process. Fortunately, there’s no cause for concern, as there are various solutions readily accessible to diagnose and address this particular error. Discussed below are the top 6 fixes to streamline your iOS jailbreaking process:
Fix 1. Wondershare Dr.Fone – Screen Unlock (iOS) Providing a Direct Jailbreaking Solution
While Checkra1n is widely employed for jailbreaking iOS devices, it has notable limitations. This is especially the case concerning compatibility with the latest iOS versions. Therefore, we recommend considering a dependable alternative like Wondershare Dr.Fone. It offers iOS users a user-friendly approach to conducting jailbreaks on their devices.
Working as a dependable companion for iPhone users, Dr.Fone simplifies the jailbreaking process. It especially benefits users grappling with iOS security locks, particularly iCloud activation locks. Notably, Dr.Fone stands out for its compatibility with the latest iOS 17 and iPhone 15 models.
Prominent Features of Wondershare Dr.Fone
- You can bypass all sorts of iOS screen locks, from passcodes to Face IDs.
- Besides unlocking iCloud Activation Lock, it is also an expert in removing SIM locks from the carriers.
- If you have forgotten your iTunes backup encryption password, Dr.Fone can remove it without causing data loss.
Steps To Bypass iCloud Activation Lock via Wondershare Dr.Fone
By combining Dr.Fone with the jailbreaking process, users can effectively bypass the iCloud Activation Lock. Detailed instructions are provided below to bypass the iCloud Activation Lock bypass using Dr.Fone:
- Step 1. Commence the Procedure by Activating Dr.Fone
Start by downloading and opening the latest edition of Wondershare Dr.Fone. After completing this step, go to the “Toolbox” section within Dr.Fone and click “Screen Unlock.” Choose “iOS” as your device type, and head to select the “iCloud Activation Lock Removal” option. Now, begin the procedure by selecting “Start” and ensure your device remains connected to the computer throughout this stage.
- Step 2. Jailbreak Your iOS Device
Now, proceed to check if your device is CDMA or GSM. A GSM device will remain the same after iCloud Activation Lock removal. On the other hand, a CDMA device will lose all cellular functionalities. After that, you need to tap “Unlock Now” and agree with the warning by tapping “Got it!” Afterward, you will need to jailbreak your device, for which follow these below-given steps:
- On a computer with Windows 7 or higher, download checkn1x-amd64.iso and rufus.exe. Connect a USB with at least 2 GB storage to the computer. Next, open the Rufus file and choose “checkn1x-amd64.iso” by clicking “Select.”
- Now, click “Start,” and on the pop-up window, choose “Write in DD Image Mode.” Then, click “OK” and wait for the process of writing image data to complete. Once completed, tap “Close” and restart your computer with the USB plug-in.
- Press the F12 or relative boot key to access the Boot Menu when the computer restarts. Within the “Boot Menu,” choose the USB and connect your iOS device to the computer. Now, use the arrow keys to move to the “Options” button and press Enter.
- You must now move to the “Allow untested iOS/iPadOS/tvOS versions” option and hit “Enter.” Follow it by moving to the “Skip All BPR Check” option and pressing “Enter” again. Afterward, move to the “Back” option and use “Enter” to return to the main screen.
- Once back on the main screen, select “Start” to initiate jailbreaking. For CheckN1x to jailbreak your device, you need to put the Apple iPhone 8 device into DFU Mode. Now, tap “Next” to put your device into Recovery Mode.
- Once your device is in Recovery Mode, tap “Start” and follow the on-screen guidelines to put it into DFU Mode. When your device enters DFU Mode, Checkn1x will automatically jailbreak it. Finally, select “Finish” and remove the USB to complete the process.
- Step 3. Complete the iOS Activation Lock Bypass Process
Removing the Activation Lock will start as soon as your device is jailbroken. You can follow the progress on the screen, and once it is complete, tap “Done” to conclude the process.
Fix 2. Try Restarting iOS or Computer Device
Sometimes, temporary glitches or bugs within your iOS device or computer can cause the Checkra1n Error 31. The most effective and simple solution in this case is to restart your devices. This simple process removes all temporary glitches and resets all processes. Here is how you can restart your iOS device and computer:
1. Windows PC
Instructions. Click the “Start” button on your Windows PC from the bottom left corner. Here, tap the “Power” icon and select “Restart.”
2. MacBook
Instructions. When using a Mac, click the “Apple” logo from the top left corner. Press “Restart” from the drop-down menu to reboot your Mac.
3. iPhone/iPad
Instructions. Press the “Side” and any “Volume” buttons to access the Power Slider screen. Now, move the slider to the right to turn off your device. After waiting some time, press the “Side” button to turn on your iOS device.
Fix 3. Download New Checkra1n Version
Crucial for a successful jailbreak is carefully selecting the appropriate Checkra1n version. Compatibility varies across devices, making it essential to choose the version that suits your device. Error 31 issues are likely linked to the specific Checkra1n version in use. In such instances, the recommended solution is to experiment with alternative versions.
Fix 4. Install iOS Firmware From iTunes and Retry Jailbreaking
When encountering Checkra1n jailbreak, error 31 may be attributed to the iOS version on your device. In such cases, the optimal resolution involves reinstalling the iOS version through iTunes. Follow the steps below to personally choose the IPSW file and employ iTunes for the installation on your iOS device:
- Step 1. Access the ipsw.me website using a web browser and download the compatible IPSW file for your iOS device. Before installing, ensure that the “Find My” service is disabled.
- Step 2. Connect the iOS device to the computer and wait for iTunes/Finder to detect it once all requirements are satisfied. For instance, if you have a Mac with the operating system before macOS Catalina, access the “Summary” tab by clicking the Apple iPhone 8 device icon within iTunes. While holding the “Shift” key on Windows or the “Option” key on Mac, click “Restore iPhone.”
- Step 3. You will be asked to select the IPSW file. Choose the file you downloaded and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation process. Once complete, re-try the jailbreaking and see if error 31 is resolved.
Fix 5. Consider Using Other Options in Checkra1n
If the reason behind Checkra1n error 31 is the Apple iPhone 8 device incompatibility, Checkra1n provides an inbuilt way. When jailbreaking a device, Checkra1n allows you to select the “Untested versions” option. While employing this option, you can jailbreak the Apple iPhone 8 device with iOS versions still not tested for jailbreaking. Here is how you can select these options in an attempt to jailbreak your device:
Instructions. To get a clean start, reboot your computer and iOS device and launch the Checkra1n app. Now, click the “Options” and select the “Untested Versions” and “Safe Mode” options. Then, try jailbreaking your device and see if error 31 is resolved.
Fix 6. Try a Special Method While Using Checkra1n
At times, the solutions you are looking for can be found among the experiences of fellow users. We found a Reddit post in our search to find solutions to Checkra1n Error 31. In this post, a Reddit user explained a hack he had found to solve error 31 when jailbreaking using Checkra1n.
Remember that this hack includes a specific Checkra1n version and experience that specific user. While you can emulate the experience, the results aren’t guaranteed. Here is what that user tried for successful jailbreaking using Checkra1n:
- Step 1. Download and install the Checkra1n version 0.10.2 beta on your computer. Now, connect your Apple iPhone 8 to DFU Mode to the system. Initiate the jailbreaking process until the “Right before Trigger” option appears.
- Step 2. The user suggests you unplug the cable and re-plug it after waiting for 5 to 7 seconds. According to the user, this action should do the trick. To get out of DFU Mode, press and hold both buttons (Home + Lock) for 10 seconds and go on to release the home button.
Bonus. Jailbreak iOS Using Mac: A Simple Guide To Refer To
Looking for a tool to jailbreak an iOS device on a Mac? Wondershare Dr.Fone has you covered there, as it also provides a comprehensive guide to jailbreaking an iOS device from Mac. You will need to download the Checkra1n tool and a USB cable to connect your Apple iPhone 8. Once you have both, use the following steps to jailbreak your device from Mac:
- Step 1. Begin by downloading the .dmg file of Checkra1n and installing it within your Mac’s applications. Now, link your iOS device to the Mac and go to Applications, click “Checkra1n,” and access “Contents.”
- Step 2. Tap “macOS” and go to “Checkra1n_gui Terminal file” to detect the Apple iPhone 8 device. Now, move ahead by tapping “Start,” you will be led to the screen with instructions for putting the Apple iPhone 8 device into DFU Mode.
- Step 3. Tap “Next,” put your device into DFU Mode, and press “Start.” Once the Apple iPhone 8 device is in DFU Mode, the jailbreaking process will commence. When it is complete, and your device is jailbroken, tap “Done” to conclude the process.
Conclusion
In wrapping up this guide, those seeking to customize their iOS devices can turn to jailbreak. Checkra1n stands out as a favored option for this procedure, but dealing with Checkra1n Error 31 can be an irritating ordeal. The optimal solution is opting for an alternative, such as Wondershare Dr.Fone. This tool offers comprehensive textual and video guides, aiding users in successful jailbreaks.
Tips: Are you searching for a powerful Activation bypass tool? No worries as Dr.Fone is here to help you. Download it and start a seamless unlock experience!
3 Effective Ways to Unlock iCloud Account Without Password On Apple iPhone 8
Did you discover that your Apple iPhone 8’s iCloud is locked? Well, if you just bought your phone from eBay, a second-hand vendor, or a friend, the chances are that its iCloud account is locked; that is, the new user will not able able to use it unless you know the username and password of the previous owner. Luckily, there is a way to unlock the iCloud account lock on your Apple iPhone 8 if you cannot reach or convince the previous owner to reset the iCloud lock on your Apple iPhone 8.
Part 1: How do I know My Apple iPhone 8 has an iCloud account lock on it?
If your Apple iPhone 8 has an iCloud account lock on, it simply means that you cannot use it unless you unlock it.
At the beginning of 2015, Apple added a new security feature to iOS that changed how iCloud accounts are managed via Apple devices such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, and iWatch. The security feature was known as iCloud Activation Lock . What this meant is that your Apple device is now locked to your iCloud account. In other words, you have to enter your user ID and password whenever you want to access your device’s files, features, and functions.
This is not supposed to be a big issue if you bought a brand new iPhone, iPad, or iWatch. However, things start getting thick whenever you buy a second-hand iPhone from eBay, a colleague, a friend, and so on. Of course, you could ask your friend (if you bought the Apple iPhone 8 device from them) to give you the username and password. Unfortunately, some may not be cooperative, while others might not be reachable.
It doesn’t matter what you do with your Apple iPhone 8. Whether you jailbreak it, reset it or pay someone to hack it, you will still not gain access to your device and use it. This could be a very frustrating experience, especially if you just parted with something like $550 to acquire your Apple iPhone 8.
If you cannot use your Apple iPhone 8 or iPad because iCloud is locked, then it means your Phone is iCloud-locked. The only way to deal with this problem is to unlock the iCloud account and set up a new iCloud account.
Further Reading: How to sign out of Apple ID without a password?
Part 2: How to unlock the iCloud account by iCloud Bypass Tool
iCloud Bypass Tool is an iCloud unlock tool that can help you bypass the iCloud Lock or even remove the problematic iCloud account altogether. The tool is compatible with iPhone, iPod, and iPad with iOS 15/14/13. It supports the following versions of the iPhone: iPhone 13/12/11/X.
Pros
Well, the iCloud Bypass Tool is very popular, thanks to its multi-functional purposes. Most people who have used this tool say it works with almost all versions of iPhone and iOS.
Cons
Although there haven’t been many complaints about using this tool, it continues to receive low ratings.
Part 3: Unlock iCloud account with Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock
One always needs to be aware of the best things around them. And in case of iCloud account unlock, you should place trust on Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) . From a pool of programs available in the market, this stands as one of the highly reliable tools. It knows well how to unlock any screen lock in an iPad or iPhone easily. It has maintained its reputation ever since it is established. Within a few clicks, one can easily attain the results they wanted. Let us put more light and understand this tool in a detailed way.
Pros
- It has an extremely easy-to-use interface.
- You don’t have to be a technical expert in using this tool to unlock an iCloud account.
- Having a fast speed is its specialty, so if you want to know how to unlock an iCloud account in a few seconds, this tool is just for you.
- Free your SIM to work on any carrier worldwide.
- You can change to a different Apple ID or can create a new one without the need for an IMEI number or security questions
- Post unlocking the iCloud account, your device can’t be tracked from the previous ID.
- Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock can remove activation lock , Apple ID , MDM , etc.
- Also, there is no need to worry about compatibility as it supports all iOS devices easily.
Cons
- Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) is not free for unlocking.
Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)
Fix “iPhone Is Disabled and Can’t Connect to iTunes or Finder” Error in 5 Minutes
- Welcoming solution to fix “iPhone is disabled, connect to iTunes.”
- Effectively remove the Apple iPhone 8 lock screen without the passcode.
- Bypass the iCloud activation lock without hassle.
- Works for all devices, and models of iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
3981454 people have downloaded it
Follow the steps below to remove the iCloud activation lock:
Step 1. Download and install Dr.Fone.
Step 2. Open Screen Unlock, select iOS > iCloud Activation Lock Removal.
Step 3. Follow the jailbreak guide and make sure it has been jailbroken.
Step 4. Start to unlock.
Step 5. Bypass activation lock successfully.
safe & secure
Part 4: How to unlock the iCloud account by GadgetWide
Although this tool works just like the iCloud Bypass Tool outlined above, it is one of the most popular tools.
The following steps outline how to unlock an iCloud account using GadgetWide.
Step 1 - Visit GadgetWide’s website and download the zip file. Once you download it, extract it, and install the program inside.
Step 2 - Once the installation is complete, you can now go to your desktop icon and double-click it. Agree to the terms as shown below
Step 3 - On the next screen, fill in your details and click “Register Now”.
Step 4 - Go to the desktop GadgetWide icon and click “Continue”.
Step 5 - The following window will appear, Click Start Now
Once that is down, your iTunes will be automatically launched, and all you need to do is connect your Apple iPhone 8 to bypass iCloud Lock.
Pros
This software is free to download and use. It is easy and loved by many people.
Cons
The process of downloading and installing the tool is quite lengthy, compared to Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock. which might confuse amateurs.
Wrap it up
As you can see, their many ways you can use when it comes to how to unlock an iCloud account. Now two methods are the same. The one you use depends on many factors, such as your Apple iPhone 8/iPad/iPod model, iOS version, budget, and location. Choose one that you think works for you.
safe & secure
How To Bypass iCloud Activation Lock on Mac For Apple iPhone 8?
How to do Mac activation lock bypass?
iCloud Activation Lock stands as a reliable security measure in the Apple ecosystem. It protects your Apple devices from unauthorized access and theft. Yet, navigating this security feature can be overwhelming for users locked out of their devices. It can happen due to forgotten passwords or second-hand purchases.
Mac users often seek effective methods to bypass this security measure. They aim to reclaim access to their devices without compromising safety. This article serves as a comprehensive guide, exploring the details of bypassing the iCloud Activation Lock on Mac. It will go through various methods, strategies, and best practices to unlock your Mac.
Part 1. What is Mac Activation Lock?
Mac Activation Lock, a key part of Apple’s security, safeguards your MacBook by linking it to your Apple ID. Similar to iOS devices, it makes it tough for others to access your device without permission. Once activated, it requires your Apple ID and password for various functions. These include the likes of disabling Find My Mac, erasing the Apple iPhone 8 device, or using it after a factory reset.
This feature works hand-in-hand with the ‘Find My’ app. It ensures your data’s safety even if your MacBook is lost or stolen. Only the rightful owner can disable Activation Lock Mac via their Apple ID. Yet, dealing with this security measure might be challenging for genuine users. This is especially true if they face issues like forgotten passwords or when buying a used device.
Navigating through the iCloud Activation Lock on a MacBook can be daunting. This is especially true when faced with legitimate scenarios like forgotten passwords. It can also happen in the case of purchasing pre-owned locked devices. Yet, several methods and techniques exist to bypass this security feature. Below, we’ll go through various methods for how to bypass iCloud Activation Lock on Mac:
Fix 1. Retrieve Your Password
Forgetting the Apple ID password can often lead to being locked out of your own device due to the iCloud Activation Lock. Fortunately, Apple provides a streamlined process to reset and retrieve forgotten passwords. This allows users to regain entry to their devices. Apple offers a mechanism to reset forgotten passwords via the Apple ID account recovery process.
Visit the Apple ID account page through a web browser on any device. Choose the option that says, “Forgot password?” and continue by following the instructions shown on the screen. You might need to answer security questions, use two-factor authentication, or receive account recovery instructions. It can happen via email or SMS to reset the password.
Fix 2. Remove Mac Activation Lock from Another Device
When faced with a Mac locked by iCloud Activation Lock, another effective method exists. You can bypass this security measure using another trusted device. That device must be linked to the same Apple ID as the Mac. Employing this method allows you to remove the Activation Lock from the locked Mac through the “Find My” feature. Follow these steps to bypass the Mac Activation Lock:
Step 1. Utilize a different Apple device, like an iPhone, iPad, or another Mac, that is currently signed in with the identical Apple ID. From there, navigate to the iCloud website and sign in using your Apple account credentials.
Step 2. On the iCloud website, tap the grid icon from the top right corner and select “Find My.” Here, enter your password and click on “All Devices.” Choose the locked Mac from the Apple iPhone 8 device and go on to tap “Remove This Device.” Now, follow the on-screen prompts to complete the process.
Fix 3. Ask The Previous Owner for Help
Have you acquired a second-hand Mac that is locked with iCloud Activation Lock? If faced with this scenario, seeking assistance from the previous owner can prove to be a valuable solution. Describe your situation to the previous owner and kindly ask them to log in to their iCloud account for support. Otherwise, they can use the iCloud website to disassociate the Apple iPhone 8 device from their account.
They can do this by removing the Apple iPhone 8 device from their iCloud account or disabling Find My Mac. Seeking help from the previous owner to remove the Activation Lock Mac is often the most straightforward method.
Part 3. FAQs About Activation Lock on Mac
- Is Bypassing Activation Lock Legal?
Bypassing Activation Lock mechanisms frequently fall into a legal gray area. The intention can be to regain access to a locked device legitimately owned by the user. Yet, circumventing security features may violate terms of service. It’s important to know that attempting to bypass the Activation Lock might void warranties.
- How Does Activation Lock Work on Mac?
Activation Lock on Mac is part of Apple’s security framework designed to deter unauthorized access and protect user data. When enabled, Activation Lock ties the Mac to the owner’s Apple ID. It requires the correct credentials to disable Find My Mac, erase the Apple iPhone 8 device, or reactivate it after a factory reset. This feature effectively prevents unauthorized users from accessing or using a locked Mac.
- What Are the Risks of Bypassing Activation Lock?
Bypassing Activation Lock might carry the following risks and implications:
- It can expose the Apple iPhone 8 device and personal data to potential security threats.
- Unauthorized modifications or bypassing of security measures could void the Apple iPhone 8 device’s warranty.
- Improper bypass attempts might lead to device malfunction.
Extra Tip. How to Remove Activation Lock on iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch?
Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)
Bypass iCloud Activation Lock on iPhone Without Hassle.
- Simple, click-through, process.
- Bypass iCloud activation lock and Apple ID without password.
- No tech knowledge is required, everybody can handle it.
- Compatible with iPhone 5S to iPhone X, iPad 3 to iPad 7, and iPod touch 6 to iPod touch 7 running iOS 12.0 to iOS 16.6!
4,395,219 people have downloaded it
The problem of iCloud Activation Lock is not limited to Mac computers. Apple devices such as iPhones and iPads commonly encounter this situation. If you’re locked out of your Apple iPhone 8 and can’t recall your Apple ID credentials, there’s no cause for concern. Wondershare Dr.Fone provides a robust solution to the iCloud Activation Lock issue. You can follow these steps to bypass the iCloud Mac Activation Lock:
Step 1. Commence Unlocking iCloud Activation Lock Using Wondershare Dr.Fone
Install the most recent edition of Wondershare Dr.Fone on your computer and open the application. Proceed to the Toolbox section, then select “Screen Unlock.” Follow it by selecting “iOS” to define the Apple iPhone 8 device type. Next, opt for “iCloud Activation Lock Removal” for the intended purpose. Once directed to a new window, click on “Start” to commence the process.
Step 2. Unlocking iOS Devices: GSM and CDMA Activation Differences
Follow the prompt to connect your iOS device with a USB cable. Identify if your device is GSM or CDMA. After bypassing iCloud Activation Lock on a GSM device, it will work normally. However, for a CDMA device, calling and other cellular functions won’t be available. As you continue unlocking the CDMA device, you’ll receive step-by-step instructions. Choose the agreement option and click ‘Got It!’ to move forward.
Step 3. Enabling DFU Mode on iOS Devices (Versions 15.0 to 16.3)
Afterward, if your Apple device hasn’t undergone jailbreaking, the system will prompt the user to proceed with the process. Guidelines for jailbreaking are available in both written and video formats. For iOS/iPadOS versions 16.4 to 16.6, Dr.Fone is designed to perform the jailbreaking process automatically on your device.
Put iOS devices running versions 15.0 to 16.3 into DFU Mode following the on-screen instructions. After initiating DFU Mode for the first time, the program will command the Apple iPhone 8 device to restart. Click the right arrow to proceed. Repeat the process to enter DFU Mode for the second time. Upon completion, the program will activate and unlock the Apple iPhone 8 device. Once finished, select the “Got It!” button to complete the process.
Step 4. Complete the Activation Lock Removal Process
After confirming your jailbroken iOS device, the process initiates automatically to remove the Activation Lock. Upon completion, a message confirming the finished process will be displayed on the screen. While the Apple iPhone 8 device is in DFU Mode, the computer screen will show the progress of removing the iCloud Mac Activation Lock. Keep an eye on the progress bar until it reaches completion. Click the ‘Done’ button to finish unlocking the Activation Lock.
Conclusion
Navigating iCloud Activation Lock on Mac demands a balance between accessibility and security. The article explored fixes such as password retrieval, remote disassociation, and collaboration with the previous owner. Following them, users can unlock their devices securely. However, if you need to bypass iCloud Activation Lock on an iOS device , Dr.Fone comes to the rescue.
- Title: Effective Ways To Fix Checkra1n Error 31 On Apple iPhone 8
- Author: Lydia
- Created at : 2024-07-14 20:51:33
- Updated at : 2024-07-15 20:51:33
- Link: https://activate-lock.techidaily.com/effective-ways-to-fix-checkra1n-error-31-on-apple-iphone-8-by-drfone-ios/
- License: This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.