How to Bypass Activation Lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad?

Apple has long been famous for providing sound devices, with nifty safety and user-friendly features. With that said, if you just purchased a used iOS device, you may be required to bypass the activation lock on your device using iCloud, or the previous user’s account. Before we take a look at how to bypass an activation lock on an Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad, let’s examine what an activation lock on an Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad entails.

Part 1. What is Activation Lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad?

This theft deterrent feature is cool for the sole reason that it helps keep your data safe, in case of misplacement or thievery. Without access to the owner’s Apple ID and/or password, accessing the Apple iPhone 13 mini device becomes impossible. Unfortunately for used purchases, you may have procured a used item legitimately, but have no access to said device.

This feature is enabled by default when the Find My Apple iPhone 13 mini option is selected on an iOS device. It is necessary when a user needs to erase data on an iOS device, set it up using a new Apple ID, or turn off Find My Apple iPhone 13 mini. Knowing the activation lock is enabled on an Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad is easy, as the screen prompts you to input a user ID and password.

Part 2. How to Bypass Activation Lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad with Previous Owner’s Account?

Using a valid Apple ID and password is the easiest way to bypass the activation lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini. In any case, if you legitimately purchased the Apple iPhone 13 mini device from the previous owner, they should have no qualms giving you these details. If it’s a new device, and you are the original owner, you will have this information ready to use for activation. Whatever the case, follow the steps below to remove the activation lock to Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini.

• Step 1. Have the previous owner enter their details on the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini, or request them to send the same to you.
• Step 2. Fire up the Apple iPhone 13 mini device and when prompted on the Activation Lock Screen, enter the Apple ID and password.
• Step 3. Within a few minutes, the home screen should appear on the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad.
• Step 4. Upon reaching this page, navigate to the settings tab to sign out of iCloud.

A note for users before we proceed with the bypass steps:
Users on iOS 12 or earlier can locate this option on settings, navigating to iCloud, then signing out. For iOS 13 or later, click on settings, then your name, and sign out.

• Step 5. Chances are, the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad will prompt you to enter the original user’s ID and Password. Simply enter the details available to you.
• Step 6. Finally, the best part of the unlocking process; navigate to the settings tab to erase all data. Open up settings, click reset and proceed to erase all content, including settings.
• Step 7. At this point, your Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad will restart/reboot, allowing you to set up the Apple iPhone 13 mini device anew.

There are a few web-based resources and tricks that facilitate this procedure. Suffice to say, these methods, known as Jailbreaking, do not work when activation lock is enabled. Stick to using credible methods like the one listed above. Alternatively, you can use iCloud to bypass the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini activation lock. It does, however, require the original owner’s iCloud information. Assuming they are in contact with you, have them use the following steps to bypass the activation lock.

Part 3. How to Remove iCloud Activation Lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Without Password Using Dr.Fone?

This cool software program is available for use with every iOS device out there. It offers utility for all matters security, revamping or repairing as well as unlocking of iOS devices. On removing Apple ID and activation lock without a password, Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) is one of the few recommended programs.

Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)

Remove Activation Lock from iPhone/Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad without Password

• Remove the 4-digit/6-digit passcode, Touch ID, and Face ID.
• Bypass iCloud activation lock and Apple ID without password.
• Remove mobile device management (MDM) iPhone.
• A few clicks and the iOS lock screen is gone.
• Fully compatible with all iOS device models and iOS versions.

4,395,216 people have downloaded it

Follow the guide to remove activation lock on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad without a password:

• Step 1. Click the “Start Download” button above to Download Dr.Fone onto your computer. Once the interface pops up, select the Screen Unlock option.
• Step 2. Then select iCloud Activation Lock Removal.

• Step 3. Start the Remove process, and connect your Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad to your computer.

• Step 6. Wait a moment for the removal process.

Part 4. How to Bypass Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini Activation Lock Using iCloud.com?

• Step 1. The original user (or yourself) should proceed to iCloud and sign in using a valid Apple ID and password. Goes without saying that they have to be valid details.
• Step 2. Click on the option to Find iPhone.
• Step 3. Select All Devices, and a screen should appear similar to the one below.

• Step 4. Select the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini that you need to unlock.
• Step 5. Click on the option to erase the Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad, then proceed to remove the Apple iPhone 13 mini device from the account.
• Step 6. Completing this process will remove the Apple iPhone 13 mini device from the previous user’s account, subsequently removing the activation lock from your Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad. Restart the Apple iPhone 13 mini device and a different interface should appear, without the activation lock screen.

A popular query regarding the activation lock on an Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPad Mini is why access is denied if you are not the original owner? This is explained in detail below.

Conclusion

Having an iOS device is a unique and satisfying experience, one that many smart device users wish they could have. On that note, activation locks on Apple iPhone 13 mini or iPads and other iOS devices are meant to protect user information and ensure privacy. Furthermore, using shady programs downloaded from the web may lead to the destruction of a device. Use the handy methods suggested above to fully enjoy the features on your iOS device.

The 10 Best Tools to Bypass iCloud Activation Lock On Apple iPhone 13 mini You Should Try Out

iCloud is an online cloud storage service built across every Apple device. Using iCloud requires entering your user ID as well as your password to use it. If you forget your iCloud credentials, you only have a number of tries before your phone is locked.

Fortunately for you, we’ve curated 10 of the best iCloud Activation Lock removal tools available today for you to have access to your phone. We’ll review each tool and compare them based on their price, pros and cons, user reviews, and more. So stick around to learn more.

Part 1: What Is iCloud Activation Lock? And How Does It Work?

Apple’s iCloud Activation Lock feature is designed to prevent anyone from using your iOS device if your Apple iPhone 13 mini, iPad, or iPod Touch gets lost or stolen. This feature automatically turns on when you activate Find My on your device.

Even as you erase your information remotely, iCloud Activation Lock improves your chances of recovering your lost iOS device by keeping your Find My turned on. This feature deters anyone from reactivating your device without your permission.

Part 2: The Best iCloud Activation Lock Bypass Tools You Can Use

If you forget your iCloud password for some reason, you will need to use a special program to bypass your iOS device. While using an activation app is not illegal, it’s only recommended for people who need to get access to their iOS device when they’ve forgotten their iCloud ID and password.

Here is a list of iCloud activation lock tools and services that are highly talked about today, and we will help you make a better choice through the next analysis.

Product Name	Rating	Supported Devices	Supported OS	Platform
1. Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)	4.8 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone X	iOS 12 to 16.6	Windows and Mac
2. XgRiNdA Activation Bypass Software	3.9 out of 5	iPhone 6 to iPhone 11 Pro Max	iOS 12 to 14.8.1	Windows Vista, 7 to 10
3. UltFone Activation Unlock	4.3 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone X	iOS12 to iOS 14.8	Windows
4. UkeySoft iOS Unlocker	4.8 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone 11	iOS 13 or earlier	Windows
5. PassFab Activation Unlock	4.6 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone X	iOS 12 to 14.8	Windows and Mac
6. iRemove iCloud Unlock Toolkit	4.9 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone X	iOS 12.3 to iOS 16.2	Windows and Mac
7. iMyFone iBypasser	4.8 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone SE 1	iOS 12 to iOS 14.8	Windows
8. Tenorshare 4MeKey	4.6 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone SE 1	iOS 12 to 14.8	Windows 7 - 11 / macOS 10, 11-13
9. CheckM8 Software	4.8 out of 5	iPhone 5s to iPhone X	iOS 12 to iOS 16.1.1	Windows 7 - 11 / macOS 10.11 or later
10. iMobie AnyUnlock	4.4 out of 5	iPhone 3G to iPhone 14 Pro Max	iOS 5 to iOS 16	Windows 7 - 11 / macOS Ventura and up

If you’re undecided on the best tool for your needs, here’s a quick breakdown of each product with pros and cons, as well as some user reviews.

1. Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)

Special programs like Dr.Fone can help you recover your iOS device if you forget your iCloud password.

Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)

Effortlessly remove iCloud activation lock

• Unlock Face ID, Touch ID, Apple ID without password.
• Bypass the iCloud activation lock without hassle.
• Remove iPhone carrier restrictions for unlimited usage.
• No tech knowledge required, Simple, click-through, process.

3,981,454 people have downloaded it

Here’s a quick guide to removing iCloud Activation Lock using Dr.Fone.

Step 1: Download Dr.Fone and install it on your computer. Connect your iOS device and launch the app.

Step 2: Click Screen Unlockon the main program window. On the next screen, click iOS > iCloud Activation Lock Removal, then click Get Start. This will initiate the process of jailbreaking your iOS device.

Follow this guide to learn how to jailbreak your Apple iPhone 13 mini on a Windows computer.

Step 3: Click Start to start the iCloud Activation Lock removal. Simply wait for the process to finish and safely remove your phone after getting the success prompt.

Note

A warning message will display on Dr.Fone’s interface before you finish the jailbreaking process, as it may brick your phone. You should read the following agreement carefully before proceeding.

After step 3, there are two possible outcomes for GSM and CDMA iPhone devices.

• If you own a GSM device, the unlocking will do no harm to your iOS device, and you can enjoy your Apple iPhone 13 mini as usual.
• If the Apple iPhone 13 mini is CDMA, you won’t be able to use the Apple iPhone 13 mini device for phone calls, cellular data, and iCloud of your new Apple ID.

User Review

Here’s a positive and a negative user review of someone who recently used Dr.Fone.

2. XgRiNdA Activation Bypass Software

XgRiNdA is another tool whose purpose is to break through an iCloud Activation Lock from an iOS device. It’s especially useful for iPhone and iPad owners who forgot their Apple ID credentials.

Here are the pros and cons of XgRiNdA Activation Bypass Software.

Pros

• It has a good rate of success when bypassing iCloud Activation Locks.
• The program is easy-to-use as you can process the bypass with just one click.

Cons

• The iCloud Activation Lock bypass doesn’t work for iOS 15 or higher versions.
• Your phone will lock again after a reboot, reset, or iOS update.

User Review

Here’s a positive and negative review of XgRiNdA from Trustpilot.

3. UltFone Activation Unlock

UltFone Activation Unlocker allows you to bypass iCloud Activation Lock even without the iOS device’s previous owner.

Here are UltFone Activation Unlock’s pros and cons.

Pros

• The platform is very intuitive and user-friendly.
• Has active customer support if you encounter any issues.

Cons

• The monthly subscription is quite expensive.
• There are no refunds if the unlocking doesn’t work as intended.

User Review

Here’s a positive and negative user review of UltFone Activation Unlock from Trustpilot.

4. UkeySoft iOS Unlocker

UkeySoft Unlocker enables you to remove iCloud Activation Lock, screen passcode, or other lock situations so that you can enjoy all the features on your iOS device.

Here are the pros and cons of UltFone Activation Unlock

Pros

• iOS 10.2 to iOS 11.4 are supported to unlock without data loss if Find My is enabled.
• Really active customer support, where you’ll get a reply within 24 hours.

Cons

• You can’t unlock devices with Find My enabled running on iOS 12 and later versions.
• The tool crashes on occasion and takes a while to unlock an iOS device.

User Review

Here’s one positive and one negative user review of UkeySoft iOS Unlocker.

5. PassFab Activation Unlock

PassFab Activation Unlock can help you bypass an iCloud Activation Lock prompt if needed in a quick and easy manner. Here are the pros and cons of using PassFab to unlock your Apple iPhone 13 mini today.

Pros

• PassFab iPhone unlocker seldom fails and is almost guaranteed to bypass an iCloud Activation Lock.
• Offers a 30-day money-back guarantee if the tool doesn’t work.

Cons

• PassFab Activation Unlocker Doesn’t offer any free trial, so you have to pay upfront.

User Review

Here’s a user review of PassFab Activation Unlock.

6. iRemove Tools

iRemove Tools provides a pretty straightforward solution to solve iCloud Activation Lock issues on your iOS device in a few clicks.

Pros

• Can bypass iCloud Activation Lock as well as carrier-locked and passcode-disabled iOS devices.
• Offers an affiliate program so you can earn passive income if you run a tech blog or a YouTube channel.

Cons

• Each bypass tool is sold separately.
• You’ll have to perform the bypass again after each reboot, reset, or iOS update.

User Review

Here’s a positive and a negative user review of iRemove Tools.

7. iMyFone iBypasser

iMyFone iBypasser is designed for you to bypass iCloud Activation Lock specifically. Using the software is easy, as even without technical skills, you’ll be able to get full access to your device in minutes.

Here are the pros and cons of using iMyFone iBypasser today.

Pros

• You can use the software unlimited times before the license expires.
• It’s 100% safe and shouldn’t harm your iOS device even after multiple bypasses.

Cons

• There’s no iMyFone iBypasser cracked version, so you’ll have to pay to use the service.
• Your Apple iPhone 13 mini will be jailbroken to fully utilize the service.

Here’s the software’s user review.

8. Tenorshare 4MeKey

Tenorshare 4MeKey iCloud unlocker is one of the best tools available today to bypass iCloud Activation Locks. 4MeKey essentially jailbreaks your iOS device in minutes if you’re forgotten your Apple ID or password.

Here are the pros and cons.

Pros

• You can freely log in with an Apple ID through the App Store to download apps after the bypass.
• Tenorshare 4MeKey download offers a free trial to try out the service before paying.

Cons

• You’ll have to repeat the bypass process if you restart, factory reset, or update your iOS version.

User Review

Here’s a screenshot of a user review on Tenorshare 4MeKey.

9. CheckM8 Software

CheckM8 Software is another reliable tool if you’re looking for the best app to bypass iCloud Activation Lock on your iOS device.

Here are the pros and cons of CheckM8 Software.

Pros

• The price of the service depends on the iOS device model you’re trying to bypass.
• The process to bypass your iOS device is fast, painless, and easy.

Cons

• The price to bypass is quite high compared to others on the list.

User Review

Here’s a user review of someone who used CheckM8 Software.

10. AnyUnlock - iPhone Password Unlocker

iMobie AnyUnlock completely bypasses various iOS locks with ease. If you encounter iCloud’s Activation Lock, AnyUnlock’s iCloud Activation unlocker is fast and should bypass your problem in minutes.

Here are iMobie AnyUnlock’s pros and cons.

Pros

• iPhone 5s to iPhone X models running under iOS 12 to 15 are guaranteed to unlock.
• Buying the subscription comes with a 60-day money-back guarantee.

Cons

• Requesting a refund if you’re not satisfied with the service will take a while. You also have to prove that the tool did not solve your issue.

User Review

Here’s a positive and negative user review of a customer who recently used iMobie AnyUnlock.

Conclusion

There will be times when you need an iCloud Activation Lock bypass tool to unlock your iOS device. While it’s important never to forget your iCloud credentials, this issue arises when you buy a second-hand Apple device, and the previous owner did not remove their Apple ID. Or, you forgot your password.

Whatever your reason, trying out specialized tools such as Dr.Fone should help you remove iCloud activation lock without password in minutes. Feel free to try out other tools and services based on our handy guide above.

Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud Activation Lock Bypass

The iCloud lock is an element intended to save your Apple iPhone 13 mini from missing, getting stolen, or being deleted. So, when you buy an iPhone, register it with an Apple ID, and set “Find My iPhone” to make it iCloud locked. That will make your device more secure.

However, each feature has its cons. It likewise can become problematic if you purchase a second-hand iPhone that is iCloud locked or fail to remember your iCloud details. You might end up staying with an iCloud lock screen. In such cases, you want to open an iCloud-locked device.

Therefore, this article will tell you the best Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud bypass techniques. It has both quicker and more permanent solutions to bypass Apple iPhone 13 mini. So, keep following this article until the end to find a permanent solution for your Apple iPhone 13 mini.

Part 1: What is iCloud Activation Lock in iPhone11/12?

The iCloud Activation Lock is a security feature implemented by Apple on Apple iPhone 13 mini and other iOS devices. It is designed to prevent unauthorized access to the Apple iPhone 13 mini device by linking it to the owner’s Apple ID and iCloud account. When the Activation Lock is enabled, the Apple iPhone 13 mini device requires the owner’s Apple ID and password to set up or restore the Apple iPhone 13 mini device, making it difficult for thieves to use or sell stolen iPhones. The Activation Lock ensures the Apple iPhone 13 mini device’s data remains secure and can only be accessed by the rightful owner.

Regardless of whether you erase your device, Activation Lock can keep on preventing anybody from reactivating your device without your consent. Regardless of whether your device is stolen, the other person will require either your device password or your Apple ID credentials to use the phone. Even if they try resetting your device through DFU mode, they will not have the option to reactivate and utilize it without Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud unlock.

However, it can create a problem for you if you’re the second owner of this device. So, if you bought this phone from someone else, you must remove the lock first. In such cases, you will need Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud bypass.

Part 2: How to Bypass Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud Activation Lock?

The iCloud Activation Lock is a security feature designed to protect iPhones from unauthorized use. However, if you find yourself with an Apple iPhone 13 mini locked with iCloud Activation, there are a few methods you can try to bypass the lock. In this article, we will explore three methods: contacting the previous device owner for Apple ID and password, requesting remote removal of the lock, and utilizing the iCloud DNS Bypass method. Let’s dive into each method to help you regain access to your Apple iPhone 13 mini.

Method 1. Contact the Previous Device Owner for Apple ID and Password

The first step in bypassing the iCloud Activation Lock is to reach out to the previous owner of the Apple iPhone 13 mini and ask for their Apple ID and password. To bypass Apple iPhone 13 mini, you need to have some data in hand:

• Bypassing the activation lock is pretty much easy. However, you need to have the Apple ID credentials of the seller if you’re the second owner.
• If a device doesn’t have the activation lock, you can see the password screen rather than the iCloud lock screen. In that case, ask the old user about the Apple iPhone 13 mini passcode.

After getting this data, coming up next are the steps to perform Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud bypass:

• Step 1: Go to the Settings application on your iDevice.
• Step 2: Tap the Apple ID photo on this window. If the Apple iPhone 13 mini device has a more up-to-date version of iOS, tap the iCloud option from the menu.
• Step 3: Now click the Sign Out option. You can sign in with your Apple account starting there forward.
• Step 4: Next, look down and click the Sign Out option. When asked, you need to enter the Apple account credentials of the first owner to toggle off the Find My feature.

However, if you see the Apple iPhone 13 mini passcode, you can type it and set up the Apple iPhone 13 mini device without the iCloud account.

With the Apple iPhone 13 mini device set up, access your device’s Settings and sign out of the old ID. You can now make another one and sign into it.

Method 2. Contact the Previous Device Owner to Remove Activation Lock Remotely

If the iPhone’s first owner (seller) has forgotten to do this before selling it to you, it’s time to do it. It would help if you convinced the owner to remove the sold device from their iCloud account. They can even do that remotely by just visiting the iCloud webpage.

However, if they have sold you a stolen iPhone, you may be unable to remove the lock using this technique.

So, if it’s not a stolen device, you don’t need to worry about unlocking it. The owner can remotely control the Apple iPhone 13 mini device and bypass Apple iPhone 13 mini by following these steps:

• Step 1: Go to the appleid.apple.com site and sign in with the right iCloud account credentials.
• Step 2: Click the Apple iPhone 13 mini devices tab to see all the connected iDevices.
• Step 3: Pick your Apple iPhone 13 mini model from there.
• Step 4: Then, click Erase from Account to get it unlocked. It’s as simple as that.

Method 3. Use iCloud DNS Bypass

The third method involves using iCloud DNS Bypass, a technique that exploits a loophole in the iCloud Activation Lock system. iCloud DNS bypass is a temporary technique to access an iCloud-locked device’s features. DNS interprets your domains into IP addresses. After keying in a domain name, your DNS server takes you to that specific IP address on the internet. When you attempt to activate your Apple iPhone 13 mini, your device connects with the DNS and the Mac servers. Someway, you can key in some domain name servers here, and they will take your device to that server.

How Can iCloud DNS Bypass Help You?

A DNS bypass can do plenty of things for you. You can unlock your device with it. When the Apple iPhone 13 mini device unlocks, you can access applications internet and work smoothly on your costly device. It opens up most features of your Apple iPhone 13 mini.

Limitations of this Features

When you use other ways to unlock the iCloud lock, it completely gets removed from your device, and you can utilize each feature. Unfortunately, that isn’t true with an iCloud DNS bypass server. If you utilize this technique, you can access specific features.

The steps in DNS Bypass iCloud Activation are very straightforward; here are the steps.

• Step 1: When you switch on your device, pick your LANGUAGE and COUNTRY from the menu.
• Step 2. Click “Proceed” to enter the Wi-Fi settings page. Whenever requested to connect with Wi-Fi, search for the “I” icon near the Wi-Fi tab.
• Step 3. Disconnect the Wi-Fi, go to “Connection Settings,” and snap “Forget this Network.”
• Step 4. Click the “I” icon and enter a DNS server IP address. You can browse the IP addresses below:

• USA: 104.154.51.7

• South America: 35.199.88.219

• Europe: 104.155.28.90

• Asia: 104.155.220.58

• Australia and Oceania: 35.189.47.23

• Other regions: 78.100.17.60

• Step 5. Presently, click the “Back” choice on the left half of your screen, turn on Wi-Fi, select your network from there, and enter your code.

• Step 6. Click “Next Page” and snap “Back” to enter the iCloud bypass screen.
• Step 7. Your device will unlock, and you can access all its features now.

Bonus Tip: Bypass iCloud Activation Lock quickly with Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (For iPhone 5S to iPhone X/SE 1 running iOS 12.0 to iOS 16.6)

Because of the limitations of iCloud DNS bypass and the cons of the other mentioned ways, many people tend to find a permanent solution to their issue. Therefore, we suggest you get an advanced tool to examine this matter.

Many tools are available online; however, recommending the best one is our responsibility. Therefore, we strongly advocate for Dr.Fone. Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock by Wondershare gives you a complete solution. But note that this Apple activation lock removal tool is for iPhone 5S to iPhone X/SE 1, iPad 4 to iPad 7, and iPod touch 7 to iPod touch 9 running iOS 12.0 to iOS 16.6.

It is an all-in-one iOS unlocking program that can assist you with iPhone iCloud unlock without an Apple account. It enables you to use your phone like a default one. It is portrayed as quick, straightforward, and reliable. Whether you get a second-hand iPhone trapped in the iCloud lock or don’t know about the Apple account, you can use this program to bypass iPhone 5s to iPhone X/SE 1.

Step-by-Step guide:

Step 1. Install the Dr.Fone program on your PC and choose the Screen Unlock tool. You will see “iCloud Activation Lock Removal” as the following picture shows.

Step 2. Begin your bypass process with this “Start” button interface.

Step 3. Jailbreak is the final and necessary step to finally bypass the activation lock on your Apple iPhone 13 mini.

Step 4. When you see the progress bar moving, it means the activation lock will no longer exist on your Apple iPhone 13 mini.

The whole process will remove the activation lock in a moment or two. Presently, your Apple iPhone 13 mini will have no lock. You can access and utilize the Apple iPhone 13 mini now.

The Bottom Line

Getting locked on the activation lock screen can be hectic and time-consuming if you don’t know what to do. Many of you might quit trying after surfing the internet for a solution and getting technical answers from inexperienced individuals. Therefore, we gathered this Apple iPhone 13 mini iCloud bypass guide to help you understand the situation better.

Once you understand the issue, you can unlock it in minutes using Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) by Wondershare. So don’t wait for a godly miracle to happen, and download Dr.Fone for a permanent answer to your queries.